Rice

 BOTANICAL NAME - Oriza sativa L

FAMILY : Poaceae (Gramineae)

CHROMOZOME NO : 2n=24 (Diploid)

Monocot 

Self pillinated 

Fibrous root

Annual grass

Semi aquatic plant

Plants are about 1m tall





ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE

  1. Rice is primarily a high energy food
  2. Rice production total 600 million tones in world
  3. India has the world largest area covering 45 million hectares with total production of 84 million tones annually.
  4. Rice grain contain carbohydrates, chiefly starch ( up to 75% ), little protein (about 7.5%) 2.2% fat, 0.8 celulose and 5.9 %
  5. Rice starch and protein (95.5%) is higher than other cereal grains.
  6. It is also a rich source of number of vitamins and minerals like vitamin D, fibre, niacin, thiamin, iron, etc.
  7. By product of rice i.e. Rice brain contain about 18 - 20 % oil which is rich source of protein and vitamins. Rice tain oil is used for cooking.

HISTORY AND ORIGIN

        Rice has been cultivated since ancient times. this supported by archaeological evidences and by the nujmerous references made to rice in ancient hindu scriptures and literture.Carbonsied paddy grains were found in the excavation at Hasthinapur from the study of Sanskrit and of other different languages in South Eastern Asia, many investigatiors have come to the conclusion that rice was known in India before the present era.
            DeCandolle (1887) and Watt (1891) thought that southern India was the place where cultivated rice originated Vavllov (1925) suggested that Burma and India should be regarded as the centre of origin of cltivation.




GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION 

  • Rice is the world's leading food crop, cultivated over an area of about 155 million hectares with a production of about 600 million tonnes (paddy). 
  • Area of production India is 2nd.
  • Among the rice growing countries, India has the largest area (45 million hectares) after China and Indonesia. 
  • In respect of production, India ranks second with 132 million tonnes of paddy next after China (210 million tonnes of paddy). 
  • In respect of productivity, Egypt ranks 1st . Average rice yield of India is only 2930 kg per hectare. 
  • In India, rice is grown in almost all the states. Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal lead in the area. 
  • Uttar Pradesh and west Bengal  have the highest rice production. 
  • The average yield per hectare is highest in Punjab (3345 kg/ha).


CLIMATATIC REQUIREMENTS 

Rice cultivation in India extends 7 to 350N latitude and from sea level to as high as 3000 metres. Rice crop need humid and hot climate. The average temperature required throughout the life period of the crop ranges from 20 to 37°C. Temperature requirement for blooming is in the range of 26 to 30 °C. At the time of tillering the crop requires a higher temperature than for growth. At the time of ripening, the temperature should be between 20-25 °C.


IMPORTANT VARIETIES

High Ylelding Varieties :

            Jaya (dwarf,1968) , IR-8 (Wonder rice or Miracle rice), IR-20, Padma, Ratna, Bharti.

For upland Areas :

            Bala, Sattar, Neela, Heera, Kalyan-11, Tara, Sneha, Vandana, Anjali, Sadabahar, Virendra

For Irrigated Ecosystem :

            chandan, Abhishek, Rajuxmi, Geetanjali, Indra, Pallavi, Rani, Supriya, Shaktiman.

For shallow Rainfall lowland Ecosystem :

            Anamika, seema, Padmini, Pooja, Ck-1002.




        

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